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Directional Valves
The Cartridge Valve Insert block represents an insert of a hydraulic cartridge valve consisting of a poppet interacting with the seat. The poppet position is determined by pressures at ports A, B, and X and force of the spring. A schematic diagram of the cartridge valve insert is shown in the following illustration.
The Cartridge Valve Insert block is a structural model consisting of a Hydraulic Cartridge Valve Actuator block and a Variable Orifice block, as shown in the next illustration.
Pressures at port A and port B tend to open the valve, while pressure at the control port X, together with the spring, acts to close it. The model does not account for flow rates caused by poppet displacement and any loading on the poppet, such as inertia and friction. The valve remains closed as long as the aggregate pressure force is lower than the spring preload force. The poppet is forced off its seat as the preload force is reached and moves up proportionally to pressure increase until it passes the full stroke. Hydraulic properties of the gap between the poppet and the seat are simulated with the Variable Orifice block.
Connections A, B, and X are hydraulic conserving ports associated with the valve inlet, valve outlet, and valve control terminal, respectively. The block positive direction is from port A to port B. Pressure at port X acts to close the valve, while pressures at port A and port B act to open the orifice.
The model is based on the following assumptions:
Valve opening is linearly proportional to the pressure differential.
No loading on the poppet, such as inertia or friction, is considered.
The model does not account for flow rates caused by poppet displacement.
For orifices specified by the passage area (the first two parameterization options), the transition between laminar and turbulent regimes is assumed to be sharp and taking place exactly at Re=Recr.
For orifices specified by pressure-flow characteristics (the third parameterization option), the model does not explicitly account for the flow regime or leakage flow rate because the tabulated data is assumed to account for these characteristics.
Effective poppet area at port A. The parameter value must be greater than zero. The default value is 2e-4 m^2.
Ratio between poppet areas at port A and port X. The parameter value must be greater than zero. The default value is 0.66.
Spring preload force. The default value is 26 N.
Spring rate. The default value is 1.4e4 N/m.
Maximum poppet stroke. The parameter value must be greater than or equal to zero. The default value is 5e-3 m. This parameter is used if Orifice specification is set to By maximum area and opening.
Select one of the following methods for specifying the hydraulic properties of the gap between the poppet and the seat:
By maximum area and opening — Provide values for the maximum orifice area and the maximum orifice opening. The passage area is linearly dependent on the control member displacement, that is, the orifice is closed at the initial position of the control member (zero displacement), and the maximum opening takes place at the maximum displacement. This is the default method.
By area vs. opening table — Provide tabulated data of orifice openings and corresponding orifice areas. The passage area is determined by one-dimensional table lookup. You have a choice of three interpolation methods and two extrapolation methods.
By pressure-flow characteristic — Provide tabulated data of orifice openings, pressure differentials, and corresponding flow rates. The flow rate is determined by two-dimensional table lookup. You have a choice of three interpolation methods and two extrapolation methods.
For more information on these options, see the Variable Orifice block reference page.
Specify the area of a fully opened orifice. The parameter value must be greater than zero. The default value is 5e-5 m^2. This parameter is used if Orifice specification is set to By maximum area and opening.
Specify the vector of input values for orifice openings as a tabulated 1-by-m array. The input values vector must be strictly monotonically increasing. The values can be nonuniformly spaced. You must provide at least three values. The default values, in meters, are [-0.002 0 0.002 0.005 0.015]. If Orifice specification is set to By area vs. opening table, the Tabulated orifice openings values will be used together with Tabulated orifice area values for one-dimensional table lookup. If Orifice specification is set to By pressure-flow characteristic, the Tabulated orifice openings values will be used together with Tabulated pressure differentials and Tabulated flow rates for two-dimensional table lookup.
Specify the vector of output values for orifice area as a tabulated 1-by-m array. The orifice area vector must be the same size as the orifice openings vector. All the values must be positive. The default values, in m^2, are [1e-09 2.0352e-07 4.0736e-05 0.00011438 0.00034356]. This parameter is used if Orifice specification is set to By area vs. opening table.
Specify the vector of input values for pressure differentials as a tabulated 1-by-n array. The input values vector must be strictly monotonically increasing. The values can be nonuniformly spaced. You must provide at least three values. The default values, in Pa, are [-1e+07 -5e+06 -2e+06 2e+06 5e+06 1e+07]. This parameter is used if Orifice specification is set to By pressure-flow characteristic.
Specify the output values for flow rates as a tabulated m-by-n matrix, defining the function values at the input grid vertices. Each value in the matrix specifies flow rate taking place at a specific combination of orifice opening and pressure differential. The matrix size must match the dimensions defined by the input vectors. The default values, in m^3/s, are:
[-1e-07 -7.0711e-08 -4.4721e-08 4.4721e-08 7.0711e-08 1e-07; -2.0352e-05 -1.4391e-05 -9.1017e-06 9.1017e-06 1.4391e-05 2.0352e-05; -0.0040736 -0.0028805 -0.0018218 0.0018218 0.0028805 0.0040736; -0.011438 -0.0080879 -0.0051152 0.0051152 0.0080879 0.011438; -0.034356 -0.024293 -0.015364 0.015364 0.024293 0.034356;]
This parameter is used if Orifice specification is set to By pressure-flow characteristic.
Select one of the following interpolation methods for approximating the output value when the input value is between two consecutive grid points:
Linear — For one-dimensional table lookup (By area vs. opening table), uses a linear interpolation function. For two-dimensional table lookup (By pressure-flow characteristic), uses a bilinear interpolation algorithm, which is an extension of linear interpolation for functions in two variables.
Cubic — For one-dimensional table lookup (By area vs. opening table), uses the Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolation Polinomial (PCHIP). For two-dimensional table lookup (By pressure-flow characteristic), uses the bicubic interpolation algorithm.
Spline — For one-dimensional table lookup (By area vs. opening table), uses the cubic spline interpolation algorithm. For two-dimensional table lookup (By pressure-flow characteristic), uses the bicubic spline interpolation algorithm.
For more information on interpolation algorithms, see the PS Lookup Table (1D) and PS Lookup Table (2D) block reference pages.
Select one of the following extrapolation methods for determining the output value when the input value is outside the range specified in the argument list:
From last 2 points — Extrapolates using the linear method (regardless of the interpolation method specified), based on the last two output values at the appropriate end of the range. That is, the block uses the first and second specified output values if the input value is below the specified range, and the two last specified output values if the input value is above the specified range.
From last point — Uses the last specified output value at the appropriate end of the range. That is, the block uses the last specified output value for all input values greater than the last specified input argument, and the first specified output value for all input values less than the first specified input argument.
For more information on extrapolation algorithms, see the PS Lookup Table (1D) and PS Lookup Table (2D) block reference pages.
Semi-empirical parameter for valve capacity characterization. Its value depends on the geometrical properties of the orifice, and usually is provided in textbooks or manufacturer data sheets. The default value is 0.7.
The maximum Reynolds number for laminar flow. The transition from laminar to turbulent regime is supposed to take place when the Reynolds number reaches this value. The value of the parameter depends on orifice geometrical profile, and the recommendations on the parameter value can be found in hydraulic textbooks. The default value is 12.
The total area of possible leaks in the completely closed valve. The main purpose of the parameter is to maintain numerical integrity of the circuit by preventing a portion of the system from getting isolated after the valve is completely closed. An isolated or "hanging" part of the system could affect computational efficiency and even cause failure of computation. Extreme caution should be exercised if the parameter is set to 0. The default value is 1e-12 m^2.
The parameter is determined by the type of working fluid selected for the system under design. Use the Hydraulic Fluid block or the Custom Hydraulic Fluid block to specify the fluid properties.
The parameter is determined by the type of working fluid selected for the system under design. Use the Hydraulic Fluid block or the Custom Hydraulic Fluid block to specify the fluid properties.
The block has the following ports:
Hydraulic conserving port associated with the valve inlet.
Hydraulic conserving port associated with the valve outlet.
Hydraulic conserving port associated with the valve control terminal.
Hydraulic Cartridge Valve Actuator
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