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Pumps and Motors
The Centrifugal Pump block represents a centrifugal pump of any type as a data-sheet-based model. Depending on data listed in the manufacturer's catalogs or data sheets for your particular pump, you can choose one of the following model parameterization options:
By approximating polynomial — Provide values for the polynomial coefficients. These values can be determined analytically or experimentally, depending on the data available. This is the default method.
By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q — Provide tabulated data of pressure differential and brake power versus pump delivery characteristics. The pressure differential and brake power are determined by one-dimensional table lookup. You have a choice of three interpolation methods and two extrapolation methods.
By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W — Provide tabulated data of pressure differential and brake power versus pump delivery characteristics at different angular velocities. The pressure differential and brake power are determined by two-dimensional table lookup. You have a choice of three interpolation methods and two extrapolation methods.
These parameterization options are further described in greater detail:
Connections P and T are hydraulic conserving ports associated with the pump outlet and inlet, respectively. Connection S is a mechanical rotational conserving port associated with the pump driving shaft. The block positive direction is from port T to port P. This means that the pump transfers fluid from T to P as its driving shaft S rotates in the globally assigned positive direction.
Note The model is developed only for positive, nonzero shaft speeds. In other words, the pump driving shaft must rotate in positive direction only, without stopping. |
If you set the Model parameterization parameter to By approximating polynomial, the pump is parameterized with the polynomial whose coefficients are determined, analytically or experimentally, for a specific angular velocity depending on the data available. The pump characteristics at other angular velocities are determined from the affinity laws.
The approximating polynomial is derived from the Euler pulse moment equation [1, 2], which for a known pump can be represented as the following:
where
| p | Pressure differential across the pump |
| k | Correction factor. The factor is introduced to account for dimensional fluctuations, blade incongruity, blade volumes, fluid internal friction, and so on. The factor should be set to 1 if the approximating coefficients are determined experimentally. |
| pE | Euler pressure |
| pHL | Pressure loss due to hydraulic losses in the pump passages |
| pD | Pressure loss caused by deviations of the pump delivery from its nominal value |
The Euler pressure, pE, is determined with the Euler equation for centrifugal machines [1, 2] based on known pump dimensions. For an existing pump, operating at constant angular velocity and specific fluid, the Euler pressure can be approximated with the equation
where
| ρref | Fluid density |
| c0,c1 | Approximating coefficients. They can be determined either analytically from the Euler equation [1, 2] or experimentally. |
| qP | Pump volumetric delivery |
The pressure loss due to hydraulic losses in the pump passages, pHL, is approximated with the equation
where
| ρref | Fluid density |
| c2 | Approximating coefficient |
| qP | Pump volumetric delivery |
The blade profile is determined for a specific fluid velocity, and deviation from this velocity results in pressure loss due to inconsistency between the fluid velocity and blade profile velocity. This pressure loss, pD, is estimated with the equation
where
| ρref | Fluid density |
| c3 | Approximating coefficient |
| qP | Pump volumetric delivery |
| qD | Pump design delivery (nominal delivery) |
The resulting approximating polynomial takes the form:
 | (2-1) |
The pump characteristics, approximated with four coefficients c0, c1, c2, and c3, are determined for a specific fluid and a specific angular velocity of the pump's driving shaft. These two parameters correspond, respectively, to the Reference density and Reference angular velocity parameters in the block dialog box. To apply the characteristics for another velocity ω or density ρ, the affinity laws are used. First, the new reference delivery is computed with the expression
 | (2-2) |
where q and ω are the instantaneous values of the pump delivery and angular velocity. Then the pressure differential across the pump at a different angular velocity and density is determined with the formula
where pref is the pressure differential computed with Equation 2-1 at pump delivery determined according to Equation 2-2.
The pump efficiency is assumed to be the same as it is at the reference parameters. It is computed with the following equations:
where
| η | Pump efficiency |
| Nref.hyd | Power of the flow at the pump's outlet |
| pref | Pressure differential across the pump at delivery q = qref |
| qref | Pump reference delivery |
| pEref | Euler pressure at reference parameters |
| Nref.br | Mechanical brake power at the pump's driving shaft |
| Nmech.loss | Power of mechanical losses in the pump drive train |
Assuming that the efficiency remains the same at similar regimes, the torque at the driving shaft is determined from the following equation:
The hydraulic power at the pump outlet is computed with the equation
where p and q are the current values of the pump pressure differential and delivery, respectively.
If you set the Model parameterization parameter to By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q, the pump characteristics are computed by using two one-dimensional table lookups: for the pressure differential based on the pump delivery and for the pump brake power based on the pump delivery. Both characteristics are specified at the same angular velocity ωref (Reference angular velocity) and the same fluid density ρref (Reference density).
To compute pressure differential at another angular velocity, affinity laws are used, similar to the first parameterization option. First, the new reference delivery qref is computed with the expression
where q is the current pump delivery. Then the pressure differential across the pump at current angular velocity ω and density ρ is computed as
where pref is the pressure differential determined from the P-Q characteristic at pump delivery qref.
Brake power is determined with the equation
where Nref is the reference brake power obtained from the N-Q characteristic at pump delivery qref.
The torque at the pump driving shaft is computed with the equation T = N / ω .
If you set the Model parameterization parameter to By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W, the pump characteristics are read out from two two-dimensional table lookups: for the pressure differential based on the pump delivery and angular velocity and for the pump brake power based on the pump delivery and angular velocity.
Both the pressure differential and brake power are scaled if fluid density ρ is different from the reference density ρref, at which characteristics have been obtained
where pref and Nref are the pressure differential and brake power obtained from the plots.
The model is based on the following assumptions:
Fluid compressibility is neglected.
The pump rotates in positive direction only, with nonzero speed.
No reverse flow through the pump is allowed.
The pump efficiency remains the same at similar regimes.
Select one of the following methods for specifying the pump parameters:
By approximating polynomial — Provide values for the polynomial coefficients. These values can be determined analytically or experimentally, depending on the data available. The relationship between pump characteristics and angular velocity is determined from the affinity laws. This is the default method.
By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q — Provide tabulated data of pressure differential and brake power versus pump delivery characteristics. The pressure differential and brake power are determined by one-dimensional table lookup. You have a choice of three interpolation methods and two extrapolation methods. The relationship between pump characteristics and angular velocity is determined from the affinity laws.
By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W — Provide tabulated data of pressure differential and brake power versus pump delivery characteristics at different angular velocities. The pressure differential and brake power are determined by two-dimensional table lookup. You have a choice of three interpolation methods and two extrapolation methods.
Approximating coefficient c0 in the block description preceding. The default value is 326.8 Pa/(kg/m^3). This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By approximating polynomial.
Approximating coefficient c1 in the block description preceding. The default value is 3.104e4 Pa*s/kg. This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By approximating polynomial.
Approximating coefficient c2 in the block description preceding. This coefficient accounts for hydraulic losses in the pump. The default value is 1.097e7 Pa*s^2/(kg*m^3). This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By approximating polynomial.
Approximating coefficient c3 in the block description preceding. This coefficient accounts for additional hydraulic losses caused by deviation from the nominal delivery. The default value is 2.136e5 Pa*s^2/(kg*m^3). This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By approximating polynomial.
The factor, denoted as k in the block description preceding, accounts for dimensional fluctuations, blade incongruity, blade volumes, fluid internal friction, and other factors that decrease Euler theoretical pressure. The default value is 0.8. This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By approximating polynomial.
The pump nominal delivery. The blades profile, pump inlet, and pump outlet are shaped for this particular delivery. Deviation from this delivery causes an increase in hydraulic losses. The default value is 130 lpm. This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By approximating polynomial.
Angular velocity of the driving shaft, at which the pump characteristics are determined. The default value is 1.77e3 rpm. This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By approximating polynomial or By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q.
Fluid density at which the pump characteristics are determined. The default value is 920 kg/m^3.
Power of mechanical loss in the pump drive train at reference parameters. The default value is 350 W. This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By approximating polynomial.
Specify the vector of pump deliveries, as a tabulated 1-by-n array, to be used together with the vector of pressure differentials to specify the P-Q pump characteristic. The vector values must be strictly monotonically increasing. The values can be nonuniformly spaced. You must provide at least three values. The default values, in lpm, are [0 28 90 130 154 182]. This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q.
Specify the vector of pressure differentials across the pump as a tabulated 1-by-n array. The vector will be used together with the pump deliveries vector to specify the P-Q pump characteristic. The vector must be of the same size as the pump deliveries vector for the P-Q table. The default values, in bar, are [2.6 2.4 2 1.6 1.2 0.8]. This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q.
Specify the vector of pump deliveries, as a tabulated 1-by-n array, to be used together with the vector of the pump brake power to specify the N-Q pump characteristic. The vector values must be strictly monotonically increasing. The values can be nonuniformly spaced. You must provide at least three values. The default values, in lpm, are [0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160]. This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q.
Specify the vector of pump brake power as a tabulated 1-by-n array. The vector will be used together with the pump deliveries vector to specify the N-Q pump characteristic. The vector must be of the same size as the pump deliveries vector for the N-Q table. The default values, in W, are [220 280 310 360 390 420 480 500 550]. This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q.
Specify the vector of pump deliveries, as a tabulated 1-by-m array, to be used together with the vector of angular velocities and the pressure differential matrix to specify the pump P-Q-W characteristic. The vector values must be strictly monotonically increasing. The values can be nonuniformly spaced. You must provide at least three values. The default values, in lpm, are [0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350]. This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W.
Specify the vector of angular velocities, as a tabulated 1-by-n array, to be used for calculating both the pump P-Q-W and N-Q-W characteristics. The vector values must be strictly monotonically increasing. The values can be nonuniformly spaced. You must provide at least three values. The default values, in rpm, are [3.2e+03 3.3e+03 3.4e+03 3.5e+03]. This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W.
Specify the matrix of pressure differentials across pump, as a tabulated m-by-n matrix, defining the pump P-Q-W characteristic together with the pump delivery and angular velocity vectors. Each value in the matrix specifies pressure differential for a specific combination of pump delivery and angular velocity. The matrix size must match the dimensions defined by the pump delivery and angular velocity vectors. The default values, in bar, are:
[ 8.3 8.8 9.3 9.9 ; 7.8 8.3 8.8 9.4 ; 7.2 7.6 8.2 8.7 ; 6.5 7 7.5 8 ; 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.1 ; 4.7 5.2 5.7 6.2 ; 3.4 4 4.4 4.9 ; 2.3 2.7 3.4 3.6 ; ]
This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W.
Specify the vector of pump deliveries, as a tabulated 1-by-m array, to be used together with the vector of angular velocities and the brake power matrix to specify the pump N-Q-W characteristic. The vector values must be strictly monotonically increasing. The values can be nonuniformly spaced. You must provide at least three values. The default values, in lpm, are [0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350]. This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W.
Specify the matrix of pump brake power, as a tabulated m-by-n matrix, defining the pump N-Q-W characteristic together with the pump delivery and angular velocity vectors. Each value in the matrix specifies brake power for a specific combination of pump delivery and angular velocity. The matrix size must match the dimensions defined by the pump delivery and angular velocity vectors. The default values, in W, are:
[ 1.223e+03 1.341e+03 1.467e+03 1.6e+03 ; 1.414e+03 1.551e+03 1.696e+03 1.85e+03 ; 1.636e+03 1.794e+03 1.962e+03 2.14e+03 ; 1.941e+03 2.129e+03 2.326e+03 2.54e+03 ; 2.224e+03 2.439e+03 2.66e+03 2.91e+03 ; 2.453e+03 2.691e+03 2.947e+03 3.21e+03 ; 2.757e+03 3.024e+03 3.307e+03 3.608e+03 ; 2.945e+03 3.23e+03 3.533e+03 3.854e+03 ; ]
This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W.
Select one of the following interpolation methods for approximating the output value when the input value is between two consecutive grid points:
Linear — For one-dimensional table lookup (By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q), uses a linear interpolation function. For two-dimensional table lookup (By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W), uses a bilinear interpolation algorithm, which is an extension of linear interpolation for functions in two variables.
Cubic — For one-dimensional table lookup (By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q), uses the Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolation Polinomial (PCHIP). For two-dimensional table lookup (By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W), uses the bicubic interpolation algorithm.
Spline — For one-dimensional table lookup (By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q), uses the cubic spline interpolation algorithm. For two-dimensional table lookup (By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W), uses the bicubic spline interpolation algorithm.
This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q or By two By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W. For more information on interpolation algorithms, see the PS Lookup Table (1D) and PS Lookup Table (2D) block reference pages.
Select one of the following extrapolation methods for determining the output value when the input value is outside the range specified in the argument list:
From last 2 points — Extrapolates using the linear method (regardless of the interpolation method specified), based on the last two output values at the appropriate end of the range. That is, the block uses the first and second specified output values if the input value is below the specified range, and the two last specified output values if the input value is above the specified range.
From last point — Uses the last specified output value at the appropriate end of the range. That is, the block uses the last specified output value for all input values greater than the last specified input argument, and the first specified output value for all input values less than the first specified input argument.
This parameter is used if Model parameterization is set to By By two 1D characteristics: P-Q and N-Q or By two By two 2D characteristics: P-Q-W and N-Q-W. For more information on extrapolation algorithms, see the PS Lookup Table (1D) and PS Lookup Table (2D) block reference pages.
The parameter is determined by the type of working fluid selected for the system under design. Use the Hydraulic Fluid block or the Custom Hydraulic Fluid block to specify the fluid properties.
The block has the following ports:
Hydraulic conserving port associated with the pump suction, or inlet.
Hydraulic conserving port associated with the pump outlet.
Mechanical rotational conserving port associated with the pump driving shaft.
[1] T.G. Hicks, T.W. Edwards, Pump Application Engineering, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1971
[2] I.J. Karassic, J.P. Messina, P. Cooper, C.C. Heald, Pump Handbook, Third edition, McGraw-Hill, NY, 2001
Variable-Displacement Pressure-Compensated Pump
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