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dfilt

Discrete-time filter

Syntax

Hd = dfilt.structure(input1,...)

Description

Hd = dfilt.structure(input1,...) returns a discrete-time filter, Hd, of type structure. Each structure takes one or more inputs. If you specify a dfilt.structure with no inputs, a default filter is created.

Note

You must use a structure with dfilt.

Hd = [dfilt.structure(input1,...),dfilt.structure(input1,...),...] returns a vector containing dfilt filters.

Structures

Available structures for the dfilt object are shown below. The target block for the block method depends on the filter structure. Depending on the target block, the DSP System Toolbox™ software may be required.

dfilt.structure

Description

Coefficient Mapping Support in realizemdl

Target Filter Block for block Method

dfilt.delay

Delay

Not supported

Delay

Requires DSP System Toolbox

dfilt.df1

Direct-form I

Supported

Discrete Filter

dfilt.df1sos

Direct-form I, second-order sections

Supported

Discrete Filter

Requires DSP System Toolbox

dfilt.df1t

Direct-form I transposed

Supported

Discrete Filter

dfilt.df1tsos

Direct-form I transposed, second-order sections

Supported

Biquad Filter

Requires DSP System Toolbox

dfilt.df2

Direct-form II

Supported

Discrete Filter

dfilt.df2sos

Direct-form II, second-order sections

Supported

Discrete Filter

dfilt.df2t

Direct-form II transposed

Supported

Discrete Filter

dfilt.df2tsos

Direct-form II transposed, second-order sections

Supported

Biquad Filter

Requires DSP System Toolbox

dfilt.dffir

Direct-form FIR

Supported

Discrete FIR Filter

dfilt.dffirt

Direct-form FIR transposed

Supported

Discrete FIR Filter

dfilt.dfsymfir

Direct-form symmetric FIR

Supported

Discrete FIR Filter

dfilt.dfasymfir

Direct-form antisymmetric FIR

Supported

Discrete FIR Filter

dfilt.fftfir

Overlap-add FIR

Not supported

Overlap-Add FFT Filter

Requires DSP System Toolbox

dfilt.latticeallpass

Lattice allpass

Supported

Not supported

dfilt.latticear

Lattice autoregressive (AR)

Supported

Allpole Filter

Requires DSP System Toolbox

dfilt.latticearma

Lattice autoregressive moving- average (ARMA)

Supported

Not supported

dfilt.latticemamax

Lattice moving-average (MA) for maximum phase

Supported

Not supported

dfilt.latticemamin

Lattice moving-average (MA) for minimum phase

Supported

Discrete FIR Filter

dfilt.statespace

State-space

Supported.

Not supported

dfilt.scalar

Scalar gain object

Supported

Gain

Requires DSP System Toolbox

dfilt.cascade

Filters arranged in series

Supported

Target blocks depend on filter structures in the series

dfilt.parallel

Filters arranged in parallel

Supported

Target blocks depend on filter structures in the parallel system

For more information on each structure, use the syntax help dfilt.structure at the MATLAB® prompt or refer to its reference page.

Methods

Methods provide ways of performing functions directly on your dfilt object without having to specify the filter parameters again. You can apply these methods directly on the variable you assigned to your dfilt object.

For example, if you create a dfilt object, Hd, you can check whether it has linear phase with islinphase(Hd) or obtain its frequency response values with h=freqz(Hd). You can use all of the methods below in this way.

Note

If your variable is a 1-D array of dfilt filters, the method is applied to each object in the array. Only freqz, grpdelay, impz, is*, order, and stepz methods can be applied to arrays. The zplane method can be applied to an array only if it is used without outputs.

Some of the methods listed below have the same name as Signal Processing Toolbox™ functions and they behave similarly. This is called overloading of functions.

Available methods are:

Method

Description

addstage

Adds a stage to a cascade or parallel object, where a stage is a separate, modular filter. See dfilt.cascade and dfilt.parallel.

block

block(Hd) creates a Simulink® filter block of the dfilt object. The target filter block depends on the filter structure. You must have Simulink to use this method. Additionally, the DSP System Toolbox may be required depending on the filter structure. See Structures for a mapping between the target blocks and filter structures.

The block method can specify these properties/values:

'MapCoeffstoPorts' indicates whether to map the filter coefficients to constant blocks connected to the generated block. Default value is 'off'. Setting 'MapCoeffstoPorts' to 'on' turns on the mapping and enables the 'CoeffNames' property, which defines the constant block parameter names. 'CoeffNames' is a cell array. Default values are {'Num'} for Direct form FIR filters, {'K'} for lattice filters, {'Num','Den'} for IIR filters, and {Num','Den','g'} for biquad filters. Variables, defined by 'CoeffNames', are created in the MATLAB workspace and have the same data type as the filter's 'Arithmetic' property. Any existing variable with the same name is overwritten. Note that you can use either 'Link2Obj' or 'MapCoeffstoPorts', but not both simultaneously.

'InputProcessing' specifies sample-based, 'elementsaschannels', frame-based, 'columnsaschannels', processing, or 'inherited'. The default is frame-based processing. If you do not have the DSP System Toolbox software, explicitly set the 'InputProcessing' property to 'elementsaschannels' to avoid a runtime error. Setting 'InputProcessing' to 'inherited' targets the Digital Filter block regardless of structure.

cascade

Returns the series combination of two dfilt objects. See dfilt.cascade.

coeffs

Returns the filter coefficients in a structure containing fields that use the same property names as those in the original dfilt.

convert

Converts a dfilt object from one filter structure to another filter structure.

fcfwrite

Writes a filter coefficient ASCII file. The file can contain a single filter or a vector of objects. Default file name is untitled.fcf.

fcfwrite(Hd,filename) writes to a disk file named filename in the current working directory. The .fcf extension is added automatically.

fcfwrite(...,fmt) writes the coefficients in the format fmt, where fmt can be one of the following:

'hex' for hexadecimal

'dec' for decimal

'bin' for binary representation.

fftcoeffs

Returns the frequency-domain coefficients used when filtering with a dfilt.fftfir.

filter

Performs filtering using the dfilt object.

y = filter(Hd,x) filters x using the Hd filter and returns the filtered data in y. See Using Filter States for information on using initial conditions. If x is a matrix, each column is filtered as an independent channel. If x is a multidimensional array, filter operates on the first nonsingleton dimension.

y = filter(Hd,x,dim) operates along the dimension dim. If x is a vector or matrix and dim is 1, every column of x is a channel. If dim is 2, every row is a channel.

firtype

Returns the type (1-4) of a linear phase FIR filter.

freqz

Plots the frequency response. Note that unlike the freqz function, this dfilt freqz method has a default length of 8192.

grpdelay

Plots the group delay.

impz

Plots the impulse response.

impzlength

Returns the length of the impulse response.

info

Displays brief dfilt information, such as filter structure, length, stability, linear phase, and, when appropriate, lattice and ladder length. To display detailed information about the design method, options, etc, use info(Hd, 'long'). The default display is 'short'. For multistage filters (cascade and parallel), use info(Hd.Stage(x)), where x is the stage number, to see information about that stage.

isallpass

Returns a logical 1 (i.e., true) if the dfilt object in an allpass filter or a logical 0 (i.e., false) if it is not.

iscascade

Returns a logical 1 if the dfilt object is cascaded or a logical 0 if it is not.

isfir

Returns a logical 1 if the dfilt object has finite impulse response (FIR) or a logical 0 if it does not.

islinphase

Returns a logical 1 if the dfilt object is linear phase or a logical 0 if it is not.

ismaxphase

Returns a logical 1 if the dfilt object is maximum-phase or a logical 0 if it is not.

isminphase

Returns a logical 1 if the dfilt object is minimum-phase or a logical 0 if it is not.

isparallel

Returns a logical 1 if the dfilt object has parallel stages or a logical 0 if it does not.

isreal

Returns a logical 1 if the dfilt object has real-valued coefficients or a logical 0 if it does not.

isscalar

Returns a logical 1 if the dfilt object is a scalar or a logical 0 if it is not scalar.

issos

Returns a logical 1 if the dfilt object has second-order sections or a logical 0 if it does not.

isstable

Returns a logical 1 if the dfilt object is stable or a logical 0 if it are not.

nsections

Returns the number of sections in a second-order sections filter. If a multistage filter contains stages with multiple sections, using nsections returns the total number of sections in all the stages (a stage with a single section returns 1).

nstages

Returns the number of stages of the filter, where a stage is a separate, modular filter.

nstates

Returns the number of states for an object.

order

Returns the filter order. If Hd is a single-stage filter, the order is given by the number of delays needed for a minimum realization of the filter. If Hd has multiple stages, the order is given by the number of delays needed for a minimum realization of the overall filter.

parallel

Returns the parallel combination of two dfilt filters. See dfilt.parallel.

phasez

Plots the phase response.

realizemdl

(Available only with Simulink software.)

realizemdl(Hd) creates a Simulink model containing a subsystem block realization of your dfilt.

realizemdl(Hd,p1,v1,p2,v2,...) creates the block using the properties p1, p2,... and values v1, v2,.. specified.

The following properties are available:

'Blockname' specifies the name of the block. The default value is 'Filter'.

'Destination' specifies whether to add the block to a current Simulink model, create a new model, or place the block in an existing subsystem in your model. Valid values are 'current', 'new', or the name of an existing subsystem in your model. Default value is 'current'.

'OverwriteBlock' specifies whether to overwrite an existing block that was created by realizemdl or create a new block. Valid values are 'on' and 'off' and the default is 'off'. Note that only blocks created by realizemdl are overwritten.

The following properties optimize the block structure. Specifying 'on' turns the optimization on and 'off' creates the block without optimization. The default for each of the following is 'on'.

'OptimizeZeros' removes zero-gain blocks.

'OptimizeOnes' replaces unity-gain blocks with a direct connection.

'OptimizeNegOnes' replaces negative unity-gain blocks with a sign change at the nearest summation block.

'OptimizeDelayChains' replaces cascaded chains of delay block with a single integer delay block set to the appropriate delay.

removestage

Removes a stage from a cascade or parallel dfilt. See dfilt.cascade and dfilt.parallel.

setstage

Overwrites a stage of a cascade or parallel dfilt. See dfilt.cascade and dfilt.parallel.

sos

Converts the dfilt to a second-order sections dfilt. If Hd has a single section, the returned filter has the same class.

sos(Hd,flag) specifies the ordering of the second-order sections. If flag='UP', the first row contains the poles closest to the origin, and the last row contains the poles closest to the unit circle. If flag='down', the sections are ordered in the opposite direction. The zeros are always paired with the poles closest to them.

sos(Hd,flag,scale) specifies the scaling of the gain and the numerator coefficients of all second-order sections. scale can be 'none', 'inf' (infinity-norm) or 'two' (2-norm). Using infinity-norm scaling with up ordering minimizes the probability of overflow in the realization. Using 2-norm scaling with down ordering minimizes the peak round-off noise.

ss

Converts the dfilt to state-space. To see the separate A,B,C,D matrices for the state-space model, use [A,B,C,D]=ss(Hd).

stepz

Plots the step response.

stepz(Hd,n) computes the first n samples of the step response.

stepz(Hd,n,Fs) separates the time samples by T = 1/Fs, where Fs is assumed to be in Hz.

sysobj

Converts the dfilt to a filter System object. See the reference page for a list of supported objects. To use this method, you must have DSP System Toolbox software installed.

tf

Converts the dfilt to a transfer function.

zerophase

Plots the zero-phase response.

zpk

Converts the dfilt to zeros-pole-gain form.

zplane

Plots a pole-zero plot.

For more information on each method, use the syntax help dfilt/method at the MATLAB prompt.

Viewing Properties

As with any object, you can use get to view a dfilt properties. To see a specific property, use

 get(Hd,'property') 

To see all properties for an object, use

get(Hd)

Changing Properties

To set specific properties, use

set(Hd,'property1',value,'property2',value,...) 

Note that you must use single quotation marks around the property name.

Alternatively, you can get or set a property value with Object.property:

b = [0.05 0.9 0.05];
Hd = dfilt.dffir(b);
% Lowpass direct-form I FIR filter
Hd.arithmetic % get arithmetic property
% returns double
Hd.arithmetic = 'single';
% Set arithmetic property to single precision

Copying an Object

To create a copy of an object, use the copy method.

H2 = copy(Hd)

Note

Using the syntax H2 = Hd copies only the object handle and does not create a new object.

Converting Between Filter Structures

To change the filter structure of a dfilt object Hd, use

Hd2=convert(Hd,'structure_name');

where structure_name is any valid structure name in single quotes. If Hd is a cascade or parallel structure, each of its stages is converted to the new structure.

Using Filter States

Two properties control the filter states:

  • states — stores the current states of the filter. Before the filter is applied, the states correspond to the initial conditions and after the filter is applied, the states correspond to the final conditions. For df1, df1t, df1sos and df1tsos structures, states returns a filtstate object.

  • PersistentMemory — controls whether filter states are saved. The default value is 'false', which causes the initial conditions to be reset to zero before filtering and turns off the display of states information. Setting PersistentMemory to 'true' allows the filter to use your initial conditions or to reuse the final conditions of a previous filtering operation as the initial conditions of the next filtering operation. It also displays information about the filter states.

    Note

    If you set states and want to use them for filtering, you must set PersistentMemory to 'true' before you use the filter.

Examples

Create a direct-form I filter and use a method to see if it is stable.

[b,a] = butter(8,0.25);
Hd = dfilt.df1(b,a)

If a dfilt's numerator values do not fit on a single line, a description of the vector is displayed. To see the specific numerator values for this example, use

get(Hd,'numerator')

or alternatively

Hd.numerator

Refer to the reference pages for each structure for more examples.

Version History

Introduced before R2006a

See Also

Apps

Functions